6 Creative Ways People Used to Navigate the Oceans

People have been exploring the oceans since prehistoric times, way before they had GPS to help them figure out where they were. Here are 6 ingenious ways our ancestors navigated the oceans.

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Sources:
http://ageofex.marinersmuseum.org/index.php?type=navigationtool&id=14
http://www.surveyhistory.org/jacob’s_staff1.htm
http://www.vos.noaa.gov/MWL/aug_08/navigation_tools.shtml
http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/gem-projects/hm/0203-1-10-instruments/cross_staff.htm
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/how-sticks-and-shell-charts-became-sophisticated-system-navigation-180954018/
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1978.412.826/
http://ageofex.marinersmuseum.org/index.php?type=navigationtool&id=10
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/not-just-the-stuff-of-legend-famed-viking-sunstone-did-exist-believe-scientists-8521522.html
http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2011/11/viking-sunstone-revealed
http://www.livescience.com/27696-viking-sunstone-shipwreck.html
http://www.visiteskifjordur.is/icelandic-spar/iceland-spar-vikings-use-navigation/
http://www.oceannavigator.com/January-February-2003/Arab-navigators-used-a-Kamal-to-find-latitude/

Kamal


http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7248/full/459778a.html
http://www.cultural-china.com/chinaWH/html/en/History206bye774.html
http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1000ce_mingvoyages.htm
http://nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/compass/
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/phyopt/biref.html
https://www.astrolabes.org/pages/mariner.htm

Astrolabe


http://ageofex.marinersmuseum.org/index.php?type=navigationtool&id=12
http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/10/epic-pre-columbian-voyage-suggested-genes
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Compass
http://www.livescience.com/32732-how-does-a-compass-work.html
http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/observations/longitude.html
http://www.pbs.org/weta/roughscience/series1/challenges/latlong/page4.html
https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/tell-time-by-stars.html
http://www.pbs.org/wayfinders/polynesian6.html
https://www.quora.com/Why-is-the-light-coming-from-the-sun-semi-polarized-Is-it-because-of-the-Faraday-rotation
http://www.olympusmicro.com/primer/lightandcolor/birefringence.html
https://books.google.com/books?id=5VAVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA288&
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0315086085710300
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03085696008592173?journalCode=rimu20
https://www.britannica.com/place/Marshall-Islands

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